Essay on Alcoholism Nature vs Nurture Argument - 2784 Words

Alcoholism and the Nature vs. Nurture Argument Does the environment that one grows up in contribute to alcoholism or is alcoholism determined by genetics? It wasn’t until 1991 that alcoholism was considered both a medical and psychiatric disease by the American Medical Association. Alcoholism is defined in the dictionary as a chronic disorder characterized by dependence on alcohol, repeated excessive use of alcoholic beverages, the development of withdrawal symptoms on reducing or ceasing intake, morbidity that may include cirrhosis of the liver, and decreased ability to function socially and vocationally. (dictionary.com). It is also defined as an addiction to the consumption of alcoholic liquor or the mental illness†¦show more content†¦People who live in rural areas have very little to do so some pick up drinking as a hobby and eventually become alcoholics. People who live in dark dreary areas like Seattle or northern Alaska where the majority of the winter is spent in darkness are prone to excessive dri nking. (Alaska Town Plagued by Alcohol Crime). Scientists have described this condition as â€Å"Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD.† Living in geographic areas with a lack of sunlight can cause an interruption to our circadian rhythm, which is our internal clock. The sunlight in the morning is supposed to reset your circadian rhythm, but those who live in dark area’s clocks are not reset, causing an imbalance to their bodies’ internal clock. This imbalance can lead to depression. Depression and alcohol are often linked. Drinking too much alcohol can cause depression, which often leads people to drink more alcohol. Depressed people often self medicate with alcohol in order to change their mood or help them sleep. (Alcohol and Depression) Bethel, Alaska is the perfect example of a town in a rural, blue collar, area with a harsh climate that has extreme alcohol problems. An interesting fact about Bethel, Alaska is that it is known as a â€Å"da mp† city.† The term â€Å"Damp City† means that the sale of alcohol within the cities limits is prohibited but possession is allowed. People are stillShow MoreRelatedNature vs Nurture: Do Genes Or Environment Matter More? Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesNature versus nurture has emerged as one of the most heated debates in the 21st century. It is more aligned towards the internal and external factors that comprise human beings behavior. The internal factors are innate and perceived to be genetically revolved as opposed to the external factors that are influenced by the environment and individuals’ experiences. However, scholars in different fields have researched on the relationship between nature and nurture without due success and this has createdRead MoreAddiction And Its Effects On Children1805 Words   |  8 Pagesor personality (Maisto,2015). Addiction unfortunately is also self-induced and can be avoided (unlike Parkinson s or Alzheimer s). Terms such as chocoholic discredit the scientific understanding and reasoning behind addictions (in particular alcoholism). It is not uncommon to hear people say â€Å" I m addicted to ...†, just because they enjoy it. The lack of understanding and education along with glitz and glam that is shown on some TV shows encourage this. Keeping young adults educated and helpingRead MoreCritically Compare How the Nature-Nurture Debate Has Been Addressed by Three Different Researchers or Schools or Thought in Psychology and/or Philosophy. at Least One of the Researchers/Schools Must Have Been Active Before the 20th Century.2285 Words   |  10 Pagescompare how the nature-nurture debate has been addressed by three different researchers or schools or thought in Psychology and/or Philosophy. At least one of the researchers/schools must have been active before the 20th century. Theories whose fundamental understanding of human behaviour focuses on characteristics in which, we are born with like our genetic make-up, stable personality traits, and physical predispositions are Naturists. In contrast theorists who are on the nurture side of this debateRead More Nature vs. Nurture: Leaning Towards the Nurture Theory Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesIs nature responsible for the way children think and behave, or is it due to the way a child is nurtured? Scientists and psychologists have been debating the subject of nature versus nurture for decades. The term â€Å"nature† refers to heredity, or the genetic traits passed down from parent to child (Powell, 2010). Researchers all over the world attempt to prove that genetics is the sole explanation of a child’s intelligence and personality. Human DNA determines traits such as eye color, nose shapeRead MoreSerial Killers : Nature Vs. Nurture Essay1993 Words   |  8 PagesSerial Killers: Nature vs. Nurture Crime over the years has become a very popular subject. There are countless movies, shows, books and documentaries about such events. Individuals are very entertained for one reason or another by these types of shows. There have been many discussions, debates and research studies done particularly pertaining to the question â€Å"What causes someone to become a serial killer?† Psychologists, criminologists and scientists agree that the Nature nurture debate is the mostRead MoreThe Nature Nurture Controversy : 20th Century Present3499 Words   |  14 Pages History of the Nature-Nurture Controversy: 20th Century-Present Mary Truong University of Regina The nature-nurture controversy is an age-old dispute that has been debated since at least the time of Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E). According to the nature stance, who we are as individuals, that is, our physical characteristics, personality, intelligence, and how we behave, is biologically inherited, now known through our genetics. Hippocrates for instance, posited that humanRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pagesreasons for family diversity in the contemporary UK. (24 marks) The answer should address two issues raised in the question: (i) the extent to which family structures and roles have changed and (ii) reasons for such changes. You can source useful arguments and associated evidence from Unit 1.1 (see pages 10–11) as well as textbook pages 48–55. A good starting point is to consider the various deï ¬ nitions of a family (see Unit 1.1, Activity 2) before highlighting the different family structures inRead MoreTourism and Indigenous People8720 Words   |  35 Pagesnegative impacts to be seen also. The idea that tourism would bring immediate money to the people was quickly shattered; the native craftspeople left their jobs because craftwork was not being sold to tourists (due to small numbers arriving) and arguments started between members of different neighbouring villages as they all vied to be in the lead as regards the creation of new plans for tourism development (Steinberg, 1994). These impacts were perhaps inevitable, but the Mayans had a strong communityRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 Pages9 6- Codes of Conduct: 9 2.0- EXPLANATION OF THE SOURCES OF ETHICS: 10 2.1- RELIGION: 10 Teaching business ethics 12 2.11- Impact Of Religiosity: 13 2.12- Ethics Of Islam: 14 Nature of Islamic Ethics 17 The Human-Environment Relationship: 20 The Sustainable Care of Nature: 22 The Practice of Islamic Environmental Ethics: 22 2.14- Ethics And Other Religion: 25 2.2- GENETIC INHERITANCE: 31 2.21- LINKAGE OF GENETICS AND ETHICS: 32 Introduction: 32 HumGen:Read MoreResearch Paradigm14392 Words   |  58 Pageshelped initiate the â€Å"paradigm dialogue† between quantitative research and the â€Å"new† research paradigm of qualitative research. Guba emphasized that research paradigms are characterized by their distinctive o ntology—â€Å"What is the nature of the knowable? Or what is the nature of reality?†; epistemology—â€Å"What is the relationship between the knower (the inquirer) and the known (or knowable)?† or What is the paradigm’s theory of knowledge; and methodology—â€Å"How should the inquirer go about finding out

The Perception Of Blindness Versus Ability - 1052 Words

The perception of blindness versus ability to see truths in King Lear Throughout history, noble kings and powerful leaders have fallen from power due to their blindness towards people they trusted. Novels, such as William Shakespeare’s King Lear convey a similar message. Although blindness is conceived as the lack of sight by many, metaphorically speaking, blindness is the inability to see and interpret the truth due to one’s deceptiveness and lies. In King Lear, Lear’s blindness towards Goneril and Regan, and his arrogance, results in his downfall. Similarly, Gloucester’s blind-eye towards Edmund results in his downfall and ironically, his loss of eye-sight. Shakespeare conveys, through the life and dialogue of Lear and Gloucester,†¦show more content†¦Lear says to Kent about Cordelia, â€Å"I loved her most and thought to set my rest / On her kind nursery. / Hence, and avoid my sight! / So be my grave my peace as here I give / Her fatherâ€⠄¢s heart from her† (I.i.124-126). Cordelia s reply towards Lear is honest, but less persuasive compared to Regan s or General’s and Lear curses Cordelia and tells her that he wishes to never see her again. Lear blinded does not see what Regan and Goneril are planning and more importantly what his blindness will lead him in too. Though Lear is blind, he realizes later what he has done after his downfall. When Regan and Goneril betray Lear, Lear goes mad and loses his sanity as he realizes his mistake. The fool tells Lear, â€Å"Fathers that wear rags / Do make their children blind. / But fathers that bear bags / Shall see their children kind† (II.iv.40-43). The fool tells Lear that Lear gave too much worldly things to Regan and Goneril, such as land, and the daughters got too greedy and now took everything from Lear and left him with nothing, but if Lear gave more of his true love and care to his daughters, they would have cared about him and would not be this greedy. Lear trusted his daughters to make the right choices, but Regan and Goneril used that trust against Lear as Lear says, â€Å"I remember thine eyes well enough. Dost thou squiny at / me? No, do thy worst, blind Cupid. I ll not love† (IV.vi.152-155). Lear

Genetics of Drosophilia Free Essays

The last reason Rosalie Is Ideal for research Is the fly size and manipulability, since we can easily control them combined with the previous reasons makes them ideal for research. In our experimental research we attempted to observe genetic changes in three generations of flies. We were given the second generation to observe the traits and record. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetics of Drosophilia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our hypothesis is if the drosophila are allowed to interbreed, then genetic variation will occur. Materials 1. Culture vial of wild-type Drosophila 2. Culture vial A or B or C 3. Spoilsport Alcohol 10%, mall 4. Camel’s hair brush 5. Thermo-anesthetizes 6. Petri dish Drosophila vials ; labels with medium 7. 8. Fly morgue 9. Forceps Procedures Part A 1 . Thermally Immobilizers a vial of wild-type Drosophila. Your Instructor will demonstrate the proper Manipulation technique. 2. Observe the flies’ traits, particularly body features that distinguish males and females, eye color, and wing size and shape. Record your observations in Table 1 in the Analysis section. If, at any time during your observations, the flies begin to become active, re-immobilizers them according to your instructor’s directions. Part B 1. Obtain a vial off prepared Drosophila cross. 2. Record the letter written on your vial In Table 2 In the Analysis sections to help you keep track of which cross you have received. TLS will lad In determining expected results, as well as allow your instructor to identify any problems you may be having and to help correct them. 3. Immobilizers the parental generation of your cross and observe the flies under a stereoscope’s. If, at any time during your observations, the flies begin to become active, re-immobilizers them according to your instructor’s directions. 4. Separate the males from the females. How to cite Genetics of Drosophilia, Papers

General Toxicology and Principles Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the General Toxicology and Principles. Answer: Genotoxic carcinogens are divided into categories: direct and indirect carcinogens that initiate tumours through the production of DNA damage. A primary or direct acting carcinogen is a chemical that do not require any kind of chemical modification or metabolic activation for inducing cancer called activation- independent carcinogens being highly reactive electrophilic molecules act by binding to cellular macromolecules, DNA (Klaunig, 2014). On the other hand, indirect-acting genotoxic carcinogens require metabolic activation from proximate carcinogen or procarcinogen to carcinogen like Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), benzo[a]pyrene and alfatoxin B1. Direct carcinogens like dimethylcarbamyl chloride and Dimethyl sulphate does not require any chemical transformation for the carcinogenicity production. On a contrary, procarcinogens or indirect acting compounds as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons require the metabolic conversion for the final production of carcinogen that has the capability of carcinogenicity or induce tumours (Stanley, 1995). Direct acting carcinogens like alkylating and acylating agents does not uncoil or coil DNA properly or information-decoding enzymes do not process it. As a result, there is cytotoxicity and inhibition of cell growth and initiation of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Direct carcinogens that increase the incidence of cancer after chemical exposure also trigger mutations (Smith et al., 2016). Indirect carcinogens or pro-carcinogens are changed in the body after exposure into carcinogens that cause cancer at other sites except for the exposure site. They are activation dependent and require cellular enzymatic metabolism that exert action just as direct acting carcinogen. In general, metabolism is the attempt made by body to detoxify exogenous chemicals conjugation with water solutes that can be excreted. However, body exposure to chemical and detoxification results in activation of that chemical into ultimate carcinogen that can induce cancers (Oliveira, 2016). Epigenetic carcinogen does not damage the DNA on its own, however, make alterations in the body predispose to cancer. It is different from genotoxic carcinogens as they directly react with DNA or any macromolecule inducing cancer. They are non-genotoxic chemical carcinogens that function to induce tumour formation by modulating the cell growth, inducing cell death or by exhibiting dose dependent relationships between exposure of chemical and tumour formation. Chemicals like arsenite, diethylstilbestrol, nickel compounds and hexachlorobenzene increases the incident of tumours, however, does not show any mutagen activity like pathogens or toxic compounds. The epigenetic carcinogens cause modification of gene expression, functional developmental changes or exogenous factors that induce cancer. DNA hypemethylation causes down-regulation of tumour suppressor genes (TSG) and hypomethylation results in up-regulation of oncogenes in epigenetic mechanism of carcinogenesis where it does not ch ange the basic structure and sequence of DNA. The growth factors, hormones interact with their receptors for production and different differentiation processes and other processes like inflammation, restorative growth and cytotoxicity. Due to the action of epigenetic carcinogens, there is gene repression, activation or derepression, stimulation of cell division and clonal expansion that alters the cell and as a result, cell communication is disrupted. These mechanisms induce normal cell to induce mutation and the initiated cell becomes transformed cell in the promotion stage. After progression, there is survival advantage of the malignant sub-populations resulting in cancer cells and carcinogenesis (Herceg et al., 2013). Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that help in cell growth normally, however, when it undergoes mutations or changes to become activated uncontrollably becoming oncogene. When mutations occur in DNA sequence, it gives rise to oncogene that interferes with normal cell division regulation. The proto-oncogene activation is achieved by mechanisms like chromosomal translocation, enhancer and promoter insertion, point mutations or gene amplification. Mutation in one allele is enough to cause oncogenic activity and often acting as dominant to wild type. There is gain of function of the protein signalling uncontrolled cell division and conversion occurs from proto-oncogene to oncogene. There is some tissue preference in this mechanism. Mutation occurs in somatic cells and therefore, it is not inherited (Hnisz et al., 2016). On the other hand, TSGs are found normally on a cell surface and its function is the regulation of cell division by slowing of division process, coupling to DNA damage in cell cycle, cell repair mechanism or the induction of apoptosis. It is different from proto-oncogene as oncogene is formed due to activation of proto-oncogene whereas TSG cause cancer in activated form. Only one allele of TSG that is mutated is not enough to cause cancer rather two mutant form of TSG alleles are required to cause cancer as one normal allele has the signal for stopping cell division. Examples, p53 protein and Rb gene are TSGs and loss of function mechanism of protein results in malfunctioning of TSGs. There is strong tissue preference in TSGs, for example, the Rb II gene in retina blastoma (Harris, 1996). References Harris, C. C. (1996). p53 tumor suppressor gene: at the crossroads of molecular carcinogenesis, molecular epidemiology, and cancer risk assessment.Environmental health perspectives,104(Suppl 3), 435. Herceg, Z., Lambert, M. P., van Veldhoven, K., Demetriou, C., Vineis, P., Smith, M. T., ... Wild, C. P. (2013). Towards incorporating epigenetic mechanisms into carcinogen identification and evaluation.Carcinogenesis,34(9), 1955-1967. Hnisz, D., Weintraub, A. S., Day, D. S., Valton, A. L., Bak, R. O., Li, C. H., ... Reddy, J. (2016). Activation of proto-oncogenes by disruption of chromosome neighborhoods.Science, aad9024. Klaunig, J. E. (2014). Chemical carcinogenesis.Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications 2014,259. Oliveira, P. A. (2016). Chemical carcinogens.Oxford Textbook of Oncology, 142. Smith, M. T., Guyton, K. Z., Gibbons, C. F., Fritz, J. M., Portier, C. J., Rusyn, I., ... Hecht, S. S. (2016). Key characteristics of carcinogens as a basis for organizing data on mechanisms of carcinogenesis.Environmental health perspectives,124(6), 713. Stanley, L. A. (1995). Molecular aspects of chemical carcinogenesis: the roles of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes.Toxicology,96(3), 173-194